Experts say extreme selective breeding has led to “convergent evolution” between brachycephalic (short-skulled) breeds like Pugs, Bulldogs, Persian and Himalayan cats.
Despite being separated by 50 million years of evolution, these pets now share strikingly similar skull shapes, including tilted-up muzzles and flattened faces.
The cost of cuteness
The study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, used CT scans to compare skull structures and revealed that similar traits evolved independently in different breeds due to humans' desire for cuteness.
But these features come at a cost: breathing issues, birthing difficulties, eye disease and chronic pain are now common.
“This convergence is remarkable but it’s come at the expense of animal welfare,” said lead author Dr Abby Drake of Cornell University.
Call to prioritise health over looks
Animal welfare experts are urging a shift away from breeding for extreme looks. “It’s time to prioritise health over appearance,” said Dr Rowena Packer from the Royal Veterinary College, calling for stricter breeding regulations.
Experts warn that owners are often unaware that their pet’s endearing face may hide a lifetime of suffering.
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